In-Membrane Enrichment and Peptic Digestion to Facilitate Analysis of Monoclonal Antibody Glycosylation.

The number of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is growing rapidly due to their widespread use for treating various diseases and health conditions. Assessing the glycosylation profile of mAbs during production is essential to ensuring their safety and efficacy. This research aims to rapidly isolate and digest mAbs for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identification of glycans and monitoring of glycosylation patterns, potentially during manufacturing. Immobilization of an Fc region-specific ligand, oFc20, in a porous membrane enables the enrichment of mAbs from cell culture supernatant and efficient elution with an acidic solution. Subsequent digestion of the mAb eluate occurred in a pepsin-modified membrane within 5 min. The procedure does not require alkylation and desalting, greatly shortening the sample preparation time. Subsequent LC-MS/MS analysis identified 11 major mAb N-glycan proteoforms and assessed the relative peak areas of the glycosylated peptides. This approach is suitable for the glycosylation profiling of various human IgG mAbs, including biosimilars and different IgG subclasses. The total time required for this workflow is less than 2 h, whereas the conventional enzymatic release and labeling of glycans can take much longer. Thus, the integrated membranes are suitable for facilitating the analysis of mAb glycosylation patterns.

Neglected Spleen Transcriptional Profile Reveals Inflammatory Disorder Conferred by Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus 2 Infection.

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) is an acute fatal disease caused by the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). Since the first outbreaks of type 2 RHDV (RHDV2) in April 2020 in China, the persistence of this virus in the rabbit population has caused substantial economic losses in rabbit husbandry. Previous failures in preventing RHDV2 prompted us to further investigate the immune mechanisms underlying the virus's pathogenicity, particularly concerning the spleen, a vital component of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). For this, a previous RHDV2 isolate, CHN/SC2020, was utilized to challenge naive adult rabbits. Then, the splenic transcriptome was determined by RNA-Seq. This study showed that the infected adult rabbits had 3148 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were associated with disease, signal transduction, cellular processes, and cytokine signaling categories. Of these, 100 upregulated DEGs were involved in inflammatory factors such as IL1α, IL-6, and IL-8. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction signaling pathway, which may play a vital role in CHN/SC2020 infection. At the same time, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were significantly increased in the spleen at the late stages of infection. These findings suggested that RHDV2 (CHN/SC2020) might induce dysregulation of the cytokine network and compromise splenic immunity against viral infection, which expanded our understanding of RHDV2 pathogenicity.

Seasonal nitrate variations, risks, and sources in groundwater under different land use types in a thousand-year-cultivated region, northwestern China.

The global public health concern of nitrate (NO3-) contamination in groundwater is particularly pronounced in irrigated agricultural regions. This paper aims to analyze the spatial distribution of groundwater NO3-, assess potential health risks for local residents, and quantitatively identify nitrate sources during different seasons and land use types in the Jinghuiqu Irrigation District, a region in northwestern China with a longstanding agricultural history. The investigation utilizes hydrochemical parameters, dual isotopic data, and the Bayesian stable isotope mixing model (MixSIAR). The findings underscore significant seasonal variations in the average concentrations of NO3-, with values of 87.72 mg/L and 101.87 mg/L during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. Furthermore, distinct fluctuations in nitrate concentration were observed across different land use types, whereby vegetable lands manifested the maximum concentration. Prolonged exposure to elevated nitrate concentrations may pose potential health risks to residents, especially in the dry season when the non-carcinogenic groundwater nitrate risk surges past its wet season counterpart. The MixSIAR analysis revealed that chemical fertilizers accounted for the majority of nitrate pollution in vegetable lands, both during the dry season (49.6%) and wet season (41.2%). In contrast, manure and sewage contributed significantly to NO3-concentrations in residential land during the wet (74.9%) and dry seasons (67.6%). For croplands, soil nitrogen emerged as a dominant source during the wet season (42.2%), while chemical fertilizers prevailed in the dry season (38.7%). In addition to source variations, the nitrate concentration of groundwater is further affected by hydrogeological conditions, with more permeable aquifers tending to display higher nitrate concentrations. Thus, targeted measures were proposed to modify or impede the nitrogen migration pathway, taking into consideration hydrogeological conditions and incorporating domestic sewage, organic fertilizer, and agricultural management practices.

Ecological comparison of six countries in two waves of COVID-19.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to provide experience and evidence support for countries to deal with similar public health emergencies such as COVID-19 by comparing and analyzing the measures taken by six countries in epidemic prevention and control. Methods: This study extracted public data on COVID-19 from the official website of various countries and used ecological comparative research methods to compare the specific situation of indicators such as daily tests per thousand people, stringency index, and total vaccinations per hundred people in countries. Results: The cumulative death toll in China, Germany and Australia was significantly lower than that in the United States, South Africa and Italy. Expanding the scale of testing has helped control the spread of the epidemic to some extent. When the epidemic situation is severe, the stringency index increases, and when the epidemic situation tends to ease, the stringency index decreases. Increased vaccination rates, while helping to build an immune barrier, still need to be used in conjunction with non-drug interventions. Conclusion: The implementation of non-drug interventions and vaccine measures greatly affected the epidemic prevention and control effect. In responding to public health emergencies such as the COVID-19 epidemic, countries should draw on international experience, closely align with their national conditions, follow the laws of epidemiology, actively take non-drug intervention measures, and vigorously promote vaccine research and development and vaccination.

Dietary zinc supplements: beneficial health effects and application in food, medicine and animals.

Zinc, a crucial trace element is vital for the growth and development of humans. It is frequently described as 'the flower of life' and 'the source of intelligence'. Zinc supplements play a pivotal role in addressing zinc deficiency by serving as a vital source of this essential micronutrients, effectively replenishing depleted zinc levels in the body. In this paper, we first described the biological behavior of zinc in the human body and briefly described the physiological phenomena associated with zinc levels. The benefits and drawbacks of various zinc supplement forms are then discussed, with emphasis on the most recent zinc supplement formulations. Finally, the application of zinc supplements in food, medicine, and animal husbandry is further summarized. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

In Vivo Prediction of Breast Muscle Weight in Broiler Chickens Using X-ray Images Based on Deep Learning and Machine Learning.

Accurately estimating the breast muscle weight of broilers is important for poultry production. However, existing related methods are plagued by cumbersome processes and limited automation. To address these issues, this study proposed an efficient method for predicting the breast muscle weight of broilers. First, because existing deep learning models struggle to strike a balance between accuracy and memory consumption, this study designed a multistage attention enhancement fusion segmentation network (MAEFNet) to automatically acquire pectoral muscle mask images from X-ray images. MAEFNet employs the pruned MobileNetV3 as the encoder to efficiently capture features and adopts a novel decoder to enhance and fuse the effective features at various stages. Next, the selected shape features were automatically extracted from the mask images. Finally, these features, including live weight, were input to the SVR (Support Vector Regression) model to predict breast muscle weight. MAEFNet achieved the highest intersection over union (96.35%) with the lowest parameter count (1.51 M) compared to the other segmentation models. The SVR model performed best (R2 = 0.8810) compared to the other prediction models in the five-fold cross-validation. The research findings can be applied to broiler production and breeding, reducing measurement costs, and enhancing breeding efficiency.

Disparities and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine policies in three representative European countries.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) vaccine policies disparities and effectiveness in Germany, Denmark and Bulgaria, with a view to providing lessons for global vaccination and response to possible outbreak risks. METHODS: This study analyzed big data through public information on the official websites of the Ministries of Health of the European Union, Germany, Denmark and Bulgaria and the official websites of the World Health Organization. We systematically summarized the COVID-19 vaccine policies of the three countries, and selected the following six indicators for cross-cutting vaccination comparisons: COVID-19 vaccine doses administered per 100 people, COVID-19 vaccination rate, the share of people with fully vaccinated, the share of people only partly vaccinated, cumulative confirmed COVID-19 cases per million, cumulative confirmed COVID-19 deaths per million. Meanwhile, we selected the following four indicators for measuring the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine policy implementation: daily cases per million, daily deaths per million, the effective reproduction rate (Rt), the moving-average case fatality rate (CFR). RESULTS: Although these three EU countries had the same start time for vaccination, and the COVID-19 vaccine supply was coordinated by the EU, there are still differences in vaccination priorities, vaccination types, and vaccine appointment methods. Compared to Germany and Denmark, Bulgaria had the least efficient vaccination efforts and the worst vaccination coverage, with a vaccination rate of just over 30% as of June 2023, and the maximum daily deaths per million since vaccination began in the country was more than three times that of the other two countries. From the perspective of implementation effect, vaccination has a certain effect on reducing infection rate and death rate, but the spread of new mutant strains obviously aggravates the severity of the epidemic and reduces the effectiveness of the vaccine. Among them, the spread of the Omicron mutant strain had the most serious impact on the three countries, showing an obvious epidemic peak. CONCLUSIONS: Expanding vaccination coverage has played a positive role in reducing COVID-19 infection and mortality rates and stabilizing Rt. Priority vaccination strategies targeting older people and at-risk groups have been shown to be effective in reducing COVID-19 case severity and mortality in the population. However, the emergence and spread of new variant strains, and the relaxation of epidemic prevention policies, still led to multiple outbreaks peaking. In addition, vaccine hesitancy, mistrust in government and ill-prepared health systems are hampering vaccination efforts. Among the notable ones are divergent types of responses to vaccine safety issue could fuel mistrust and hesitancy around vaccination. At this stage, it is also necessary to continue to include COVID-19 vaccination in priority vaccination plans and promote booster vaccination to prevent severe illness and death. Improving the fairness of vaccine distribution and reducing the degree of vaccine hesitancy are the focus of future vaccination work.

Biodiversity and core microbiota of key-stone ecological clusters regulate compost maturity during cow-dung-driven composting.

The primary objectives of this study were to explore the community-level succession of bacteria, fungi, and protists during cow-dung-driven composting and to elucidate the contribution of the biodiversity and core microbiota of key-stone microbial clusters on compost maturity. Herein, we used high-throughput sequencing, polytrophic ecological networks, and statistical models to visualize our hypothesis. The results showed significant differences in the richness, phylogenetic diversity, and community composition of bacteria, fungi, and eukaryotes at different composting stages. The ASV191 (Sphingobacterium), ASV2243 (Galibacter), ASV206 (Galibacter), and ASV62 (Firmicutes) were the core microbiota of key-stone bacterial clusters relating to compost maturity; And the ASV356 (Chytridiomycota), ASV470 (Basidiomycota), and ASV299 (Ciliophora) were the core microbiota of key-stone eukaryotic clusters relating to compost maturity based on the data of this study. Compared with the fungal taxa, the biodiversity and core microbiota of key-stone bacterial and eukaryotic clusters contributed more to compost maturity and could largely predict the change in the compost maturity. Structural equation modeling revealed that the biodiversity of total microbial communities and the biodiversity and core microbiota of the key-stone microbial clusters in the compost directly and indirectly regulated compost maturity by influencing nutrient availability (e.g., NH4+-N and NO3--N), hemicellulose, humic acid content, and fulvic acid content, respectively. These results contribute to our understanding of the biodiversity and core microbiota of key-stone microbial clusters in compost to improve the performance and efficiency of cow-dung-driven composting.

Recent Advances in Electrochemiluminescence Biosensors for MicroRNA Detection.

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) as an analytical technology with a perfect combination of electrochemistry and spectroscopy has received considerable attention in bioanalysis due to its high sensitivity and broad dynamic range. Given the selectivity of bio-recognition elements and the high sensitivity of the ECL analysis technique, ECL biosensors are powerful platforms for the sensitive detection of biomarkers, achieving the accurate prognosis and diagnosis of diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial biomarkers involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, whose aberrant expression is often related to serious diseases, especially cancers. ECL biosensors can fulfill the highly sensitive and selective requirements for accurate miRNA detection, prompting this review. The ECL mechanisms are initially introduced and subsequently categorize the ECL biosensors for miRNA detection in terms of the quenching agents. Furthermore, the work highlights the signal amplification strategies for enhancing ECL signal to improve the sensitivity of miRNA detection and finally concludes by looking at the challenges and opportunities in ECL biosensors for miRNA detection.

Comparison of COVID-19 vaccine policies and their effectiveness in Korea, Japan, and Singapore.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to analyze coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)vaccine policies and effectiveness in Korea, Japan, and Singapore, thereby providing empirical experience for vaccination and response to similar public health emergencies. METHODS: The study systematically summarized the COVID-19 vaccine policies in Korea, Japan, and Singapore through public information from the Our World in Data website and the official websites of the Ministries of Health in these three countries.Total vaccinations, COVID-19 vaccination rates, rates of fully vaccinated, rates of boostervaccinated, and total confifirmed cases were selected for cross-sectional comparison of COVID-19 vaccination in these three countries. Combining the basic characteristics of these three countries, daily cases per million, daily deaths per million, and the effective reproduction rate were calculated to measure the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine policies implementation in each of these three countries RESULTS: The countermeasures against the COVID-19 in Korea, Japan, and Singapore, although seemingly different on the surface, have all taken an aggressive approach. There are large similarities in the timing of the start of COVID-19 vaccination, the type of vaccine, how vaccine appointments are made, and whether vaccination are free, and all had high vaccination rates. A systematic comparison of the anti-epidemic practices in the three East Asian countries revealed that all three countries experienced more than one outbreak spike due to the spread of new mutant strains after the start of mass vaccination with COVID-19 vaccination, but that vaccination played a positive role in reducing the number of deaths and stabilizing the effective reproduction rate. CONCLUSIONS: This study comparatively analyzed the COVID-19 vaccine policies and their effects in South Korea, Japan, and Singapore, and found that there is a common set of logical combinations behind the seemingly different strategies of these three countries. Therefore, in the process of combating COVID-19, countries can learn from the successful experience of combating the epidemic and continue to strengthen the implementation of vaccination programs, as well as adjusting public perceptions to reduce the level of vaccine hesitancy, enhance the motivation for vaccination, and improve the coverage of COVID-19 vaccine based on different cultural factors, which remains the direction for future development.

How do density, employment and transit affect the prevalence of COVID-19 pandemic? A study of 3,141 counties across the United States.

Previous research has explored the effect of the built environment on the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This study extends the existing literature by examining the relationship between pandemic prevalence and density, employment, and transit factors at the county level. Using multilinear spatial-lag regressions and time series clustering analyses on the Smart Location Database encompassing 3141 counties in the United States, our findings reveal the following: (1) Density, employment, and transit variables yield heterogeneous effects to infection rate, death rate, and mortality rate. (2) Pedestrian-oriented road density is positively correlated to the prevalence of COVID-19, every 0.011 miles/acre increase is associated with 1% increase in the infection rate. (3) A consistent negative correlation is observed between jobs per household and infection rate, while a decrease in unemployment rate leads to an increase in the death rate. (4) The results from time series analysis suggest that areas characterized by low auto-oriented intersection density but high pedestrian-oriented road density are more susceptible to the impacts of pandemics. This highlights the need to prioritize pandemic prevention efforts in the suburban and rural areas with low population density, as emphasized in existing literature emphasized.

Efficiency and equity of bed utilization in China's health institutions: based on the rank-sum ratio method.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to analyze the efficiency and equity of bed utilization in Please check if the section headings are assigned to appropriate levels.China's healthcare institutions and to compare and analyze the overall health resource utilization efficiency in recent years and some specific utilization conditions in 2021, to provide empirical experience for the allocation of health care resources in epidemic China. METHODS: To compare and analyze the overall health resource utilization efficiency of the whole country with that of the East, middle, and West in 2021, and to analyze the bed utilization efficiency of different types of healthcare institutions in China and the bed utilization efficiency of various types of specialist hospitals in the country in 2021 by using the rank-sum ratio method. RESULTS: In 2021, the bed utilization rate of China's health institutions was 69.82%, and the number of bed turnover times was 27.65 times; the bed utilization rate of hospitals was 74.6%, and the number of bed turnover times was 26.08 times. The number of hospital bed turnovers was highest in the western region, lowest in the central region, and close to the national average in the eastern region. The average length of stay for discharged patients was the highest in the central region, the lowest in the eastern region, and the same as the national average in the western region. The analysis of rank-sum ratio method shows that among different types of health institutions' bed utilization efficiency (r = 0.935, P = 0.000), general hospitals and traditional Chinese medicine hospitals have the best bed utilization rate, and the bed utilization rate of community health service centers (stations) needs to be improved; while among various types of specialized hospitals' bed utilization efficiency (r = 0.959, P = 0.000), oncology hospitals, thoracic hospitals, and hematology hospitals, children's hospitals have high bed utilization efficiency; leprosy hospitals, cosmetic hospitals, and stomatology hospitals have low bed utilization efficiency. Health technicians per 1,000 population are highest in the western region, lowest in the central region, and lower in the eastern region than in the western region but slightly higher than the national average. The number of beds in health institutions per 1,000 population is the highest in the central region, the lowest in the eastern region, and slightly lower in the northwest than in the central region but higher than the national average. CONCLUSION: China's investment in health funding in the field of health care has been on the rise in recent years. However, there still exists the situation of uneven investment in health expenses and inconsistent medical efficiency among regions. And change such a status quo can be further improved in terms of government, capital, human resources, technology, information system, and so on.

The impact of containment policy and mobility on COVID-19 cases through structural equation model in Chile, Singapore, South Korea and Israel.

Objectives: The study aims to understand the impact of containment policy and mobility on COVID-19 cases in Chile, Singapore, South Korea and Israel. To provide experience in epidemic prevention and control. Methods: Structural equation modeling (SEM) of containment policies, mobility, and COVID-19 cases were used to test and analyze the proposed hypotheses. Results: Chile, Israel and Singapore adopted containment strategies, focusing on closure measures. South Korea adopted a mitigation strategy with fewer closure measures, focusing on vaccination and severe case management. There was a significant negative relationship among containment policies, mobility, and COVID-19 cases. Conclusion: To control the COVID-19 and slow down the increase of COVID-19 cases, countries can increase the stringency of containment policies when COVID-19 epidemic is more severe. Thus, countries can take measures from the following three aspects: strengthen the risk monitoring, and keep abreast of the COVID-19 risk; adjust closure measures in time and reduce mobility; and strengthen public education on COVID-19 prevention to motivate citizen to consciously adhere to preventive measures.

Critical national response in coping with Omicron variant in China, Israel, South Africa, and the United States.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of prevention and control strategies and put forward further measures according to the epidemiological characteristics of Omicron. It summarized the national response during the Omicron epidemic in four countries: China, Israel, South Africa, and the United States. Methods: This study summarized prevention and control measures in China, Israel, South Africa, and the United States in their response to the Omicron epidemic, and it also evaluated the effectiveness of these measures. Results: After the Omicron variant emerged, China and Israel adopted containment strategies, using the "dynamic zero" policy and country closure measures. Meanwhile, South Africa and the United States adopted mitigation strategies, which virtually abandoned social interventions and only focused on medical measures and vaccines. From the first day of reported Omicron cases to 28 February 2022, the four countries reported the following cases: China reported 9,670 new confirmed cases and no deaths, with total deaths per million of 3.21; Israel reported 2,293,415 new confirmed cases and 2,016 deaths, with total deaths per million of 1,097.21; South Africa reported 731,384 new confirmed cases and 9,509 deaths, with total deaths per million reaching 1,655.708; the United States reported 3,042,743 new confirmed cases and 1,688,851 deaths, with total deaths per million reaching 2,855.052, which was much higher than the other countries. Conclusion: Based on this study, it seems that China and Israel adopted containment strategies, while South Africa and the United States adopted mitigation strategies. A rapid response is a powerful weapon against the Omicron epidemic. Vaccines alone will not get any country out of this crisis, and non-pharmacological measures should be used in addition to them. According to the SPO model, future work should consider the strengthening of emergency management capacity, adhering to public health measures, promoting vaccination, and strengthening patient care and close contact management, which are effective measures in coping with Omicron.

Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates Alzheimer's disease pathology via restoring mitophagy.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common form of dementia, and impaired mitophagy is a hallmark of AD. Mitophagy is mitochondrial-specific autophagy. Ginsenosides from Ginseng involve in autophagy in cancer. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1 hereafter), a single compound of Ginseng, has neuroprotective effects on AD. However, few studies have reported whether Rg1 can ameliorate AD pathology by regulating mitophagy. Methods: Human SH-SY5Y cell and a 5XFAD mouse model were used to investigate the effects of Rg1. Rg1 (1µM) was added to ß-amyloid oligomer (AßO)-induced or APPswe-overexpressed cell models for 24 hours. 5XFAD mouse models were intraperitoneally injected with Rg1 (10 mg/kg/d) for 30 days. Expression levels of mitophagy-related markers were analyzed by western blot and immunofluorescent staining. Cognitive function was assessed by Morris water maze. Mitophagic events were observed using transmission electron microscopy, western blot, and immunofluorescent staining from mouse hippocampus. The activation of the PINK1/Parkin pathway was examined using an immunoprecipitation assay. Results: Rg1 could restore mitophagy and ameliorate memory deficits in the AD cellular and/or mouse model through the PINK1-Parkin pathway. Moreover, Rg1 might induce microglial phagocytosis to reduce ß-amyloid (Aß) deposits in the hippocampus of AD mice. Conclusion: Our studies demonstrate the neuroprotective mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 in AD models. Rg1 induces PINK-Parkin mediated mitophagy and ameliorates memory deficits in 5XFAD mouse models.

Rapid Quantitation of Various Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies Using Membranes with Fc-Specific Ligands.

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) provide effective treatments for many diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and, lately, COVID-19. Monitoring the concentrations of mAbs is important during their production and subsequent processing. This work demonstrates a 5 min quantitation of most human immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies through capture of mAbs in membranes modified with ligands that bind to the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region. This enables binding and quantitation of most IgG mAbs. Layer-by-layer (LBL) adsorption of carboxylic acid-rich polyelectrolytes in glass-fiber membranes in 96-well plates allows functionalization of the membranes with Protein A or a peptide, oxidized Fc20 (oFc20), with high affinity for the Fc region of human IgG. mAb capture occurs in <1 min during the flow of solutions through modified membranes, and subsequent binding of a fluorophore-labeled secondary antibody enables quantitation of the captured mAbs using fluorescence. The intra- and inter-plate coefficients of variations (CV) are <10 and 15%, respectively, satisfying the acceptance criteria for many assays. The limit of detection (LOD) of 15 ng/mL is on the high end of commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) but certainly low enough for monitoring of manufacturing solutions. Importantly, the membrane-based method requires <5 minutes, whereas ELISAs typically take at least 90 min. Membranes functionalized with oFc20 show greater mAb binding and lower LODs than membranes with Protein A. Thus, the membrane-based 96-well-plate assay, which is effective in diluted fermentation broths and in mixtures with cell lysates, is suitable for near-real-time monitoring of the general class of human IgG mAbs during their production.

The spatiotemporal prediction method of urban population density distribution through behaviour environment interaction agent model.

Based on the interrelationship between the built environment and spatial-temporal distribution of population density, this paper proposes a method to predict the spatial-temporal distribution of urban population density using the depth residual network model (ResNet) of neural network. This study used the time-sharing data of mobile phone users provided by the China Mobile Communications Corporation to predict the time-space sequence of the steady-state distribution of population density. Firstly, 40 prediction databases were constructed according to the characteristics of built environment and the spatial-temporal distribution of population density. Thereafter, the depth residual model ResNet was used as the basic framework to construct the behaviour-environment agent model (BEM) for model training and prediction. Finally, the average percentage error index was used to evaluate the prediction results. The results revealed that the accuracy rate of prediction results reached 76.92% in the central urban area of the verification case. The proposed method can be applied to prevent urban public safety incidents and alleviate pandemics. Moreover, this method can be practically applied to enable the construction of a "smart city" for improving the efficient allocation of urban resources and traffic mobility.

Community succession of microbial populations related to CNPS biological transformations regulates product maturity during cow-manure-driven composting.

The main objective of present study was to understand the community succession of microbial populations related to carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus-sulfur (CNPS) biogeochemical cycles during cow-manure-driven composting and their correlation with product maturity. The abundance of microbial populations associated with C degradation, nitrification, cellular-P transport, inorganic-P dissolution, and organic-P mineralization decreased gradually with composting but increased at the maturation phase. The abundance of populations related to N-fixation, nitrate-reduction, and ammonification increased during the mesophilic stage and decreased during the thermophilic and maturation stages. The abundance of populations related to C fixation and denitrification increased with composting; however, the latter tended to decrease at the maturation stage. Populations related to organic-P mineralization were the key manipulators regulating compost maturity, followed by those related to denitrification and nitrification; those populations were mediated by inorganic N and available P content. This study highlighted the consequence of microbe-driven P mineralization in improving composting efficiency and product quality.

Microporous affinity membranes and their incorporation into microfluidic devices for monitoring of therapeutic antibodies.

Control of monoclonal antibody (mAb) concentrations in serum is important for maintaining the safety and efficacy of these lifesaving therapeutics. Point-of-care (POC) quantification of therapeutic mAbs could ensure that patients have effective mAb levels without compromising safety. This work uses mimotope-functionalized microporous alumina affinity membranes in vertical flow assays for detection and quantitation of therapeutic mAbs. Selective capture of bevacizumab from 1000:1 diluted serum or plasma and binding of a fluorescently labelled anti-human IgG secondary antibody enable fluorescence-based analysis of bevacizumab at its therapeutically relevant concentration range of ∼50-300 µg/mL. The assay results in a linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity of the antibody capture spot and the bevacizumab concentration. A simple prototype microfluidic device containing these membranes allows washing, reagent additions and visualization of signal within 15 min using a total of 5 mL of fluid. The prototype devices can monitor physiologically relevant bevacizumab levels in diluted serum, and future refinements might lead to a POC device for therapeutic drug monitoring.

Ag-Doped Metal-Organic Frameworks' Heterostructure for Sonodynamic Therapy of Deep-Seated Cancer and Bacterial Infection.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOF) have attracted great potential in sonodynamic therapy (SDT) owing to large sonosensitizers' loading and fast reactive oxygen species' (ROS) diffusion; however, the low ligand-to-metal charge transfer efficiency sharply impairs the SDT effect. Herein, we report the design of MIL@Ag heterostructures with high electron-hole pairs separation efficiency and enhanced diverse ROS generation ability for deep-seated cancer treatment and bacterial infection. The MIL@Ag heterostructure is composed of Ti-based MOFs (named MIL), on which are in situ assembled silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The electrochemical experiments and density functional theory calculations verify that the introduction of Ag NPs can significantly improve the electron transfer efficiency and O2 adsorption capacity of MIL. Under ultrasound irradiation, the doped Ag NPs can trap the activated electrons from MIL to reduce surrounding O2 and produce superoxide radicals (•O2-), while the activated holes enable oxidizing H2O to produce hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Thus, they efficiently improve the therapeutic efficiency of SDT. MIL@Ag-PEG-mediated SDT implements A549 cancer cells' killing under a tissue barrier of 2 cm and eradicates the bacterial infection of Staphylococcus aureus, thus promoting wound healing. Therefore, MIL@Ag-PEG provides a promising strategy for augmenting SDT performance by rational heterostructure design of sonosensitizers.